Further Information about Genetic Modification...

Genetic modification

Genetic modification, or GM for short, is not the same as cloning. Although cloning techniques are used in genetic engineering, the two things should not be confused. This table shows some of the differences.

Key differences between cloning and genetic engineering

cloning	genetic engineering
produces exact copies	produces a unique set of genes
genes copied within the same species	genes can be swapped across species

How it works

Certain enzymes can cut pieces of DNA from one organism, and join them into a gap in the DNA of another organism. This means that the new organism with the inserted genes has the genetic information for one or more new characteristics. For example, the organism might produce a useful substance, or be able to carry out a new function. We say that the organism has been genetically modified.

Genetic modification works in animals, plants and microorganisms. For example, new genes can be transferred to crop plants to make GM crops. Some GM crops are resistant to certain herbicides (weed killers) while others are resistant to insect pests.

The animation shows how the method can be used to produce bacteria that make insulin. This is a human hormone and valuable to people with diabetes. Bacteria reproduce quickly, so a lot of insulin can be made quickly.

There are strong arguments for and against genetic modification of crop plants. GM crops generally have increased yields, useful for feeding a growing population. Tobacco plants that glow in the dark when they need watering have even been produced.

However, some people are excited by the almost limitless possibilities of genetic modification, while others believe the process is unethical and should be banned. There are concerns about the effect of GM crops on wild flowers and insects, and whether eating GM food may harm human health.

Adapted from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/geneticvariation/reproductionrev5.shtml 

From this, I know more about how genetic modification works and how it is being carried out. I also learn the differences between Genetic Modification and cloning. Is cloning better than Genetic Modification? Or are both of them the same and should both be banned?\